D’une maturité sexuelle très tardive et d’une faible fécondité, le mégalodon avait trouvé la parade pour réduire la mortalité précoce de sa progéniture en l’installant dans des zones de nurserie appropriées ; les petits pouvaient tranquillement atteindre leur taille adulte — au bout de 25 ans — et ce géant put ainsi prospérer à travers le temps. Mais, revers de médaille, cet atout semble aussi avoir causé la disparition de ce requin prédateur selon une étude.
Un endroit idéal pour bien grandir : le mégalodon, ancêtre géant du grand requin blanc, parquait sa progéniture dans des pouponnières naturelles d’eaux chaudes et peu profondes, pour lui permettre d’atteindre sa taille d’adulte à l’abri des prédateurs, selon une étude parue mercredi.
Aujourd’hui, plusieurs familles de requins ont elles aussi recours à cette stratégie de reproduction dans des zones protégées, où la nourriture est abondante. En diminuant la mortalité au stade juvénile, elle augmente la viabilité des populations adultes et joue donc un rôle clé dans la survie d’une espèce menacée. Elle s’avère d’autant plus cruciale pour les espèces marines géantes, à faible fécondité et à la maturité sexuelle tardive, ce qui était le cas du mégalodon, disparu il y a environ 3 millions d’années, explique cette étude publiée dans The Royal Society journal Biology Letters.
L’Otodus megalodon est l’un des plus grands et des plus puissants prédateurs à avoir vécu : il pouvait mesurer jusqu’à 18 mètres de long à l’âge adulte — trois fois la taille du plus grand des requins blancs, rendu célèbre par Les dents de la mer de Steven Spielberg, en 1975.
Voir aussiComment les requins ont survécu aux extinctions de masse depuis 400 millions d’années ?
En tant que superprédateur, le géant des océans n’avait pas de rivaux dans les eaux chaudes et tempérées des océans, où il se repaissait de plus petits requins, et même de baleines. Mais sa progéniture, quant à elle, était vulnérable aux attaques d’autres requins. Et ce pendant de longues années, puisque les petits mégalodons mettaient environ 25 ans à atteindre leur taille adulte, d’après les analyses des fossiles des colonnes vertébrales de spécimens.
D’où la nécessité de les mettre à l’abri dans les plateaux continentaux sous-marins, zones peu profondes et riches en petits poissons. L’existence de ces structures était déjà connue, mais uniquement dans des zones très localisées. « Notre étude montre qu’elles étaient largement répandues, à la fois dans le temps et dans l’espace », souligne l’un des auteurs, Carlos Martinez-Perez, biologiste à l’université de Valence en Espagne.
L’équipe de recherche a révélé une ancienne pouponnière au large de la province de Tarragone sur la côte nord-est de l’Espagne, après observation de collections de dents de requins, au Musée del Cau del Tauro de Tarragone. « Beaucoup de dents nous ont semblé bien petites pour un animal aussi grand », raconte le chercheur.
En mesurant les dents, dont la taille est proportionnelle aux mensurations corporelles, ils ont déduit que la zone fut jadis densément peuplée de jeunes mégalodons longs de 4 à 10 mètres, qui perdaient constamment leurs dents durant leur croissance. Ils grandissaient là, dans « une baie chaude, peu profonde, reliée à la mer et protégée par de vastes récifs coralliens, peuplée de nombreux invertébrés, petits poissons, raies, mammifères marins… un endroit parfait pour la croissance », décrit le biologiste.
Une baie chaude, peu profonde (…), un endroit parfait pour la croissance
Les chercheurs ont ensuite comparé ces nouvelles données à des spécimens de dentition déjà recueillis sur huit autres sites du continent américain. Ils en ont conclu que quatre d’entre eux (deux aux États-Unis et deux au Panama) avaient été peuplés majoritairement de jeunes requins, vivant sous domination adulte, avec une structure correspondant à des aires de nourrissage ou d’accouplement, et donc des pouponnières.
Cette stratégie de protection pourrait expliquer pourquoi les mégalodons ont pu prospérer pendant toute l’ère du Miocène, il y a entre 23 millions d’années et 5 millions d’années. Mais la méthode ne semble pas avoir résisté au refroidissement climatique qui a suivi, à l’ère du Pliocène : avec la baisse du niveau de la mer, Otodus megalodon a trouvé de moins en moins de zones côtières où réfugier ses petits, et s’est peu à peu éteint.
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