Selon une étude récente, menée sur plus de 55.000 personnes, les régimes sans viande seraient liés à un risque plus important de faire une fracture osseuse, et plus particulièrement une fracture de la hanche.
S’il y a encore quelques années, les régimes sans viande étaient des exceptions, aujourd’hui ils se sont largement démocratisés. Les pescétariens, végétariens et végétaliens ont choisi d’exclure la viande et, dans le cas des végétaliens, tous les produits animaux de leur alimentation. Des études épidémiologiques ont montré que les personnes qui ne consomment pas de viande ont une densité minérale osseuse plus faible que ceux qui en consomment. En effet, la partie minérale des os est essentiellement constituée de phosphate de calcium, ce dernier étant majoritairement apporté par les produits laitiers.
Voir aussiVégétaux : les aliments les plus riches en calcium
Une étude de cohorte prospective a voulu savoir si les personnes qui ne mangent pas de viande ont un risque accru de fractures osseuses. Leurs résultats statistiques, basés sur des questionnaires et un suivi médical d’environ 17 ans (EPIC-Oxford), indiquent que ce risque existe.
Au début de l’étude, les participants, environ 55.000 personnes, ont renseigné leur régime alimentaire, ainsi que d’autres données sur leur état de santé, leur mode de vie et leur profil socio-économique. Selon leurs habitudes, ils ont été classés en quatre catégories :
- les mangeurs de viande (29.830 personnes) ;
- Les pescétariens, c’est-à-dire les personnes ne consommant pas de viande mais du poisson, des œufs et du lait (8.037 personnes) ;
- Les végétariens, qui consomment des œufs et du lait (15.499 personnes) ;
- Les végétaliens, qui ne consomment aucun produit animal (1.982 personnes).
Sur les 17 ans qu’a duré le suivi, les scientifiques ont recensé 3.941 cas de fracture osseuse incluant 945 fractures de la hanche, 889 fractures du poignet, 566 fractures du bras, 560 fractures de la cheville et 366 fractures de la jambe.
Pour chaque type de fracture, les scientifiques ont comparé le risque en fonction du régime alimentaire des participants, en prenant les mangeurs de viande comme référence. Il apparaît que, toutes fractures confondues, les personnes ayant un régime sans viande ont plus de risque de faire une fracture. Elles semblent particulièrement sujettes aux fractures de la hanche (hazard ratio de 1,26 pour les pescétariens, 1,25 pour les végétariens et 2,31 pour les végétaliens après 17 ans). Les végétaliens ont également un risque accru de fracture de la jambe qui est moins prédominant chez les pescétariens et les végétariens. Par contre, il n’y a aucune différence significative pour les fractures du poignet, de la cheville ou du bras.
Les scientifiques indiquent que ces observations ne sont pas forcément liées à un apport moyen moindre en calcium et protéine, comme cela a été observé pour les régimes sans viande, mais plutôt à l’IMC. En effet, les personnes ayant exclu la viande de leur alimentation ont un IMC plus faible que les autres. Elles seraient alors plus sensibles aux fractures, notamment celles liées aux chutes ou aux accidents. Le rôle de l’apport en calcium et en protéine semble moins évident dans cette étude.
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